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- THE GULF WAR, Page 30THE WEAPONSHigh-Tech Payoff
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- Costly arms face their first combat use -- and prove their worth
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- By ED MAGNUSON -- Reported by Bruce van Voorst/Dhahran
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- With the largest air armada since World War II poised to
- strike in the gulf, the Jan. 15 deadline for a potential attack
- had been the focus of global attention. That raised the
- question of how, with 100 cruise missiles and more than 1,000
- aircraft streaking toward targets in Iraq and Kuwait in the
- first hours of the war last week, the allies achieved what
- General Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
- described as "tactical surprise." The answer: U.S. superiority
- in high-tech weaponry had blinded and crippled Iraq's air
- defenses. The latest generation of electronic warfare had come
- of age.
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- "Sophistication has worked heavily in our favor," said
- Powell's predecessor, Admiral William Crowe, after the military
- claimed astonishing success. In the more than 1,300 sorties
- flown during the first 14 hours, only one U.S. and one British
- aircraft were lost. Iraq's initial feeble response seemed to
- bear out a prediction by Admiral Sergei Gorshkov, the founder
- of the modern Soviet navy, that "the next war will be won by
- the side that best exploits the electromagnetic spectrum."
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- The U.S. and its allies achieved success with a mixture of
- weaponry -- some employed in conflicts past, some never before
- committed to combat. There was risk involved: though the new
- systems had been frequently tested in development -- and
- sometimes derided for failure to live up to their billing --
- no one was certain how they would perform under battle
- conditions. Most of the hardware had been designed for warfare
- against an enemy like the Soviet Union, which has its own
- sophisticated arsenal. Several of the weapons systems had only
- reached the production stage during Ronald Reagan's $2
- trillion buildup. Now, against a less formidable enemy in a
- very different environment, the Pentagon was collecting big
- dividends.
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- The technological edge had many facets. The Tomahawk cruise
- missiles, launched from Navy ships and flying no faster than
- a commercial airliner, used digital-mapping technology to
- penetrate beneath Iraqi radar and strike within 20 yds. of
- their targets. The Air Force's F-117A Stealth fighter led the
- aircraft strikes. Even when their radar detected an F-117A, the
- Iraqi air-defense weapons could not track it long enough to
- zero in. Other aircraft, including the F-4G Wild Weasel,
- launched missiles that homed in on the signals to knock out the
- emitting facility. That kept the Iraqis from coordinating their
- SAMs (surface-to-air missiles) and conventional antiaircraft
- fire.
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- Some of the F-15E Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon attackers
- released their ordnance from as high as 20,000 ft., well above
- the light-caliber Iraqi flak. They, as well as the Navy's
- F/A-18 Hornets, also delivered laser-guided or other "smart"
- bombs to their targets.
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- Not that the arrival of high-tech war has rendered all
- older, battle-tested weaponry obsolete. Much of the new
- technology has been mated to older aircraft. Eight-engined B-52
- bombers, for example, for three decades the workhorses of the
- Strategic Air Command, can carry not only nuclear and
- conventional bombs but also AGM-142As, missiles guided by small
- jets that permit a launch as far as 55 miles from a target.
- Striking from bases in Saudi Arabia, the big bombers laid down
- vast carpets of destruction over numerous targets last week,
- including positions believed to be held by units of Saddam
- Hussein's elite Republican Guard.
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- CRUISE MISSILES
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- PURPOSE: Long-range attack
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- USES: Launched from ships and submarines
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- DISTINCTION: Can fly under radar; 1,500-mile range
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- COST: $1 million
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- Under a moonless sky over the Persian Gulf, 100 of these
- missiles initially blasted off from U.S. warships on a 700-mile
- flight to Iraq. Their TERCOM radar system compared landmarks
- with prerecorded maps to guide them to their targets. They
- struck nuclear, chemical and biological facilities.
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- STEALTH FIGHTER
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- PURPOSE: Long-range precision bombing
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- USES: To penetrate air defenses undetected
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- DISTINCTION: Extremely low radar profile
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- COST: $106 million
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- Taking off from bases in Saudi Arabia, 27 of these
- single-seat twin-engine planes were the first aircraft to hit
- such targets as command-and-control centers and fixed Scud
- missiles. The plane's radar-evading Stealth technology, based
- on shape and materials, proved highly successful in the gulf.
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- ELECTRONIC JAMMING
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- PURPOSE: Confuse or disable enemy radar
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- USES: Carried by the Navy's EA-6B Prowler, the Air Force's
- F-4G Wild Weasel, EF-111A Raven and EC-130H Compass Call
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- DISTINCTION: U.S. has the most advanced systems now deployed
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- COST: For a Prowler, $32 million
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- The latest electronic-countermeasure systems have been
- placed on new planes as well as some of the oldest in the U.S.
- inventory. In the gulf war, ECM aircraft were among the first
- over Iraq and Kuwait, jamming air-defense radars and crimping
- their ability to detect intruding planes.
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- PATRIOT SYSTEM
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- PURPOSE: Intercept aircraft and missiles
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- USES: Protection of ground facilities
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- DISTINCTION: Has remote launchers and high accuracy missiles
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- COST: $123 million
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- This system won high marks when a U.S. Army Patriot
- destroyed an Iraqi Scud missile in Saudi Arabia. A Patriot
- battery has eight launchers with four missiles each. Israel
- received two batteries in late December, but they were not yet
- operational. The U.S dispatched more, including crews, at
- week's end.
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- SMART BOMBS
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- PURPOSE: Precision bombing
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- USES: Carried by most new fighter-bombers as well as B-52s
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- DISTINCTION: Permits pilots to release bombs at safe
- distance from air defenses
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- COST: Varies widely by type
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- The success of last week's air strikes was largely owing to
- the use of "smart bombs." Deployed in many forms, they are
- guided either by lasers, infrared or TV cameras. In one such
- system, a crewman can follow images relayed from the bomb and
- keep it on course toward its target by moving a joystick.
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- NIGHT-VISION DEVICES
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- PURPOSE: Light amplification
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- USES: For aircraft, tanks and infantry
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- DISTINCTION: Can amplify starlight 25,000 times
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- COST: $200,000 for the fighter-bomber version
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- Night-vision goggles worn by fighter-bomber pilots,
- including those flying the F-15E Eagle that was used
- extensively in the gulf strikes, make objects visible at up to
- seven miles, even on dark nights. The device permits pilots to
- attack at low altitudes without using radar, which an enemy can
- detect.
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